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Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow. New York: Penguin Press, 2019. ISBN 0-5255-5953-1; Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896–1920. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8078-2287-6; Griffin, John Howard.
Oklahoma did not have a Republican governor until Henry Bellmon was elected in 1962, though Republicans were still able to draw over 40% of the vote statewide during the Jim Crow era. However, Oklahoma was still politically competitive at the federal level during the Jim Crow era. It voted for Warren G. Harding in 1920 and Herbert Hoover in 1928.
The civil rights movement (1896–1954) was a long, primarily nonviolent action to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. The era has had a lasting impact on American society – in its tactics, the increased social and legal acceptance of civil rights, and in its exposure of the prevalence and cost of racism.
But its residents knew white people could use violence to enforce Jim Crow elsewhere. In 1955, Mamie Till-Mobley stayed in the town during breaks in the trial of two white men accused of torturing ...
Throughout the South there were Jim Crow laws creating de jure legally required segregation. Facilities and services such as housing, healthcare, education, employment, and transportation have been systematically separated in the United States based on racial categorizations.
Despite this, African Americans continued to face systemic racism through de jure and de facto segregation, enforced by Jim Crow laws and societal practices. Early civil rights efforts, such as those by Frederick Douglass and the women's suffrage movement, laid the groundwork for future activism.
During the Jim Crow period, he said, "the marriage rates of Black Americans were significantly higher than any other time since then in American history" and that since then, "they have plummeted."
North Carolina is one of only nine states that conduct runoffs in primary elections, a practice that began in the Jim Crow era of the American South.