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Mir = Launched to be part of the crew of the Mir Space Station; ISS = Launched to be part of the crew of the International Space Station. Names of astronauts returning from the Mir or ISS on the Space Shuttle are shown in italics. They did not have specific crew roles, but are listed in the Payload Specialist columns for reasons of space.
The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration). Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development. [ 1 ]
The main articles for this category are Space Shuttle, Space Shuttle program, and List of Space Shuttle crews. The Space Shuttle program conducted flights between ...
Current ISS crew names are in bold. The suffix (twice, thrice, ...) refers to the individual's number of spaceflights to the ISS, not the total number of spaceflights. Entries are noted with for women and for men. This list only includes crew members of the ISS. For a list including non-crew, see List of visitors to the International Space Station.
Space Shuttle: Commander (CDR) Overall mission success, safety of crew and spacecraft, managed ascent, maneuvered Shuttle during entry. All Shuttle commanders had prior spaceflight experience. [a] Required a degree in engineering, biological science, physical science, or mathematics.
The Space Shuttle external tank (ET) carried the propellant for the Space Shuttle Main Engines, and connected the orbiter vehicle with the solid rocket boosters. The ET was 47 m (153.8 ft) tall and 8.4 m (27.6 ft) in diameter, and contained separate tanks for liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.
The Space Shuttle program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished routine transportation for Earth-to-orbit crew and cargo from 1981 to 2011.
This is an alphabetical list of astronauts, people selected to train for a human spaceflight program to command, pilot, or serve as a crew member of a spacecraft. For a list of everyone who has flown in space, see List of space travelers by name. More than 600 people have been trained as astronauts.