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The authors examined differences between men and women in their display of verbal and nonverbal behaviors based on the gender-type of the task the dyad was performing. Consistent with the predictions of expectation states theory, men exhibited higher levels of both verbal and nonverbal behaviors on the masculine and gender neutral tasks.
Women and men experience different types of mobility within the workplace. For example, women tend to experience a glass ceiling, an invisible barrier that prevents them from moving up the corporate ladder. [41] An example of this is a study from Sweden that compared the number of females in director jobs to men in director jobs.
According to Laqueur, prior to the eighteenth century it was acknowledged that there were physical differences between the sex organs of men and women, but these differences were never made to be of significance; "no one was much interested in looking for evidence of two distinct sexes, at the anatomical and concrete physiological differences between men and women, until such differences ...
Gender is used as a means of describing the distinction between the biological sex and socialized aspects of femininity and masculinity. [9] According to West and Zimmerman, is not a personal trait; it is "an emergent feature of social situations: both as an outcome of and a rationale for various social arrangements, and as a means of legitimating one of the most fundamental divisions of society."
The most salient example of this approach in contemporary European and American society is the dominance of heterosexual men and the subordination of homosexual men. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] This was manifested in political and cultural exclusion, legal violence, street violence, and economic discrimination. [ 4 ]
Judith Lorber explains the problem of failing to question dividing people into these two groups "even though they often find more significant within-group differences than between-group differences." [38] Lorber argues that this corroborates the fact that the gender binary is arbitrary and leads to false expectations of both men and women ...
A theory of masculinity in crisis has emerged; [140] [141] Australian archeologist Peter McAllister said, "I have a strong feeling that masculinity is in crisis. Men are really searching for a role in modern society; the things we used to do aren't in much demand anymore". [142] Others see the changing labor market as a source of stress.
In Africa, standpoint theory has catalyzed a social movement where women are introduced to the radio in order to promote awareness of their experiences and hardships and to help these women heal and find closure. [33] Another example dealing with Africa is slavery and how slavery differed greatly depending on if one was the slave or the master.