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Inner Meaning Outer Meaning Paradigm Latin example English translation Comment relative past in future past in future in present ' fore infinitive of periphrastic perfect' hoc possum dīcere, mē satis adeptum fore, sī nūllum in mē perīculum redundārit (Cicero) [26] 'I can say this, that I will have achieved enough, if no danger redounds ...
Auxiliary paradigms in the fore future infinitive periphrasis Paradigm Latin example Meaning Comment 'subjunctive present' fore ut dūcam: future in present 'that I will lead' fore ut dūcar: future in present 'that I will be led' 'subjunctive imperfect' fore ut dūcerem: future in past 'that I was going to lead' fore ut dūcerer: future in past
Latin word order is relatively free. The verb may be found at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence; an adjective may precede or follow its noun (vir bonus or bonus vir both mean 'a good man'); [5] and a genitive may precede or follow its noun ('the enemies' camp' can be both hostium castra and castra hostium; the latter is more common). [6]
Experiential meaning. As with the English perfect, the Latin perfect can sometimes be used to relate experiences which have happened several times in the past: cōntiōnēs saepe exclāmāre vīdī, cum aptē verba cecidissent (Cicero) [116] 'I have often seen public meetings shout out loud when the words fell aptly (i.e. with a striking rhythm)'
Latin is a pro-drop language; that is, pronouns in the subject are usually omitted except for emphasis, so for example amās by itself means "you love" without the need to add the pronoun tū "you". Latin also exhibits verb framing in which the path of motion is encoded into the verb rather than shown by a separate word or phrase.
A difference from English grammar is that in open future conditions, it is usual in Latin to use one of the future tenses, when English has the present tense. [7] Apart from the types mentioned below it is also possible to have mixed conditionals, for example with different tenses in protasis and apodosis. [8]
Meaning Form Name Latin example English translation Comment incipient past habit 'imperfect indicative' quō postquam fuga inclīnāvit, aliī in aquam caecī ruēbant, aliī dum cunctantur in rīpīs oppressī (Livy) [99] after the rout began, some began rushing blindly into the water, others, while they were hesitating on the banks, were crushed
Meaning: "serving at the pleasure of the authority or officer who appointed". A Mediaeval legal Latin phrase. durante munere: while in office: For example, the Governor General of Canada is durante munere the Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order of Canada. dux: leader: dux bellorum: leader of wars