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  2. Expected shortfall - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_shortfall

    Expected shortfall (ES) is a risk measure—a concept used in the field of financial risk measurement to evaluate the market risk or credit risk of a portfolio. The "expected shortfall at q% level" is the expected return on the portfolio in the worst q % {\displaystyle q\%} of cases.

  3. RiskMetrics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RiskMetrics

    On 25 January 2008, RiskMetrics Group listed on the New York Stock Exchange ... (IVaR), Incremental Expected Shortfall (IES), and Incremental Standard Deviation ...

  4. Normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution

    [24] The probability that a normally distributed variable ⁠ X {\displaystyle X} ⁠ with known ⁠ μ {\displaystyle \mu } ⁠ and σ 2 {\textstyle \sigma ^{2}} is in a particular set, can be calculated by using the fact that the fraction Z = ( X − μ ) / σ {\textstyle Z=(X-\mu )/\sigma } has a standard normal distribution.

  5. Value at risk - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_at_risk

    The 5% Value at Risk of a hypothetical profit-and-loss probability density function. Value at risk (VaR) is a measure of the risk of loss of investment/capital.It estimates how much a set of investments might lose (with a given probability), given normal market conditions, in a set time period such as a day.

  6. Projected COLA for 2025: September update — how it's ...

    www.aol.com/finance/social-security-cost-of...

    Since 1975, there have been three years when the calculation resulted in a 0.0% COLA because there wasn’t an increase in the CPI-W: 2010, 2011 and 2016. What is the 2025 COLA prediction?

  7. Advanced IRB - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_IRB

    The term Advanced IRB or A-IRB is an abbreviation of advanced internal ratings-based approach, and it refers to a set of credit risk measurement techniques proposed under Basel II capital adequacy rules for banking institutions.

  8. Stochastic programming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_programming

    In the field of mathematical optimization, stochastic programming is a framework for modeling optimization problems that involve uncertainty.A stochastic program is an optimization problem in which some or all problem parameters are uncertain, but follow known probability distributions.

  9. Pareto distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_distribution

    The Pareto distribution, named after the Italian civil engineer, economist, and sociologist Vilfredo Pareto, [2] is a power-law probability distribution that is used in description of social, quality control, scientific, geophysical, actuarial, and many other types of observable phenomena; the principle originally applied to describing the distribution of wealth in a society, fitting the trend ...