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An ejection fraction (EF) is the volumetric fraction (or portion of the total) of fluid (usually blood) ejected from a chamber (usually the heart) with each contraction (or heartbeat). It can refer to the cardiac atrium , [ 1 ] cardiac ventricle , [ 2 ] gall bladder, [ 3 ] or leg veins, [ 4 ] although if unspecified it usually refers to the ...
Ascites (/ ə ˈ s aɪ t i z /; [5] Greek: ἀσκός, romanized: askos, meaning "bag" or "sac" [6]) is the abnormal build-up of fluid in the abdomen. [1] Technically, it is more than 25 ml of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, although volumes greater than one liter may occur. [4]
The human gallbladder is a hollow grey-blue organ that sits in a shallow depression below the right lobe of the liver. [2] In adults, the gallbladder measures approximately 7 to 10 centimetres (2.8 to 3.9 inches) in length and 4 centimetres (1.6 in) in diameter when fully distended. [3]
52 mL/m 2 (± 6.2 mL/m 2) [3] Ejection fraction: 66% (± 6%) [2] 67% (± 4.6%) [3] Heart rate: 60–100 bpm [4] 60–100 bpm [4] Cardiac output: 4.0–8.0 L/minute [5]
The assertion that porcelain gallbladder increases the incidence of gallbladder cancer is widely taught in medical schools but is based on studies from 1931 and 1962. [1] A prominent study aid for surgical residents even states that the risk of cancer in a porcelain gallbladder is 15%. [2]
Stroke volume is an important determinant of cardiac output, which is the product of stroke volume and heart rate, and is also used to calculate ejection fraction, which is stroke volume divided by end-diastolic volume. Because stroke volume decreases in certain conditions and disease states, stroke volume itself correlates with cardiac function.
Gallbladder and biliary-related diseases occurred in about 104 million people (1.6% of people) in 2013 and resulted in 106,000 deaths. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Gallstones are more common among women than men and occur more commonly after the age of 40. [ 2 ]
Abnormal GGT elevation may be attributable to a variety of factors. [83] As such, GGT elevations lack the necessary specificity to be a useful confirmatory test for cholestasis. [78] Importantly, conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is present in 80% of patients with extrahepatic cholestasis and 50% of patients with intrahepatic cholestasis. [80]