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Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing a language. The process of writing in shorthand is called stenography , from the Greek stenos (narrow) and graphein (to write).
Pitman shorthand is a system of shorthand for the English language developed by Englishman Sir Isaac Pitman (1813–1897), who first presented it in 1837. [1] Like most systems of shorthand, it is a phonetic system; the symbols do not represent letters, but rather sounds, and words are, for the most part, written as they are spoken.
Grammatical abbreviations are generally written in full or small caps to visually distinguish them from the translations of lexical words. For instance, capital or small-cap PAST (frequently abbreviated to PST) glosses a grammatical past-tense morpheme, while lower-case 'past' would be a literal translation of a word with that meaning.
The ditto mark is a shorthand sign, used mostly in hand-written text, indicating that the words or figures above it are to be repeated. [1] [2]The mark is made using "a pair of apostrophes"; [1] "a pair of marks " used underneath a word"; [3] the symbol " (quotation mark); [2] [4] or the symbol ” (right double quotation mark).
Teeline shorthand is a streamlined way to transcribe the spoken word quickly by removing unnecessary letters from words and making the letters themselves faster to write. [2] Vowels are often removed when they are not the first or last letter of a word, and silent letters are also ignored. [2]
the "sh" sound is written with a modified lowercase cursive s, as in Forkner shorthand; the past tense of regular verbs is indicated with a hyphen on the line of writing; the period, question mark, and end of paragraph symbols are identical to those of Gregg shorthand; the brief forms for it/at, the, is/his are also the same as in Gregg
Students of Personal Shorthand can acquire a useful shorthand skill (50 to 60 wpm) in a single school term, compared to the year or more for symbol system students to reach that same level. Without the complexity of symbols to memorize and practice writing, Personal Shorthand theory is relatively simple. There are six Theory Rules.
Legible Shorthand [38] 1882: Edward Pocknell: English: Leite Alves Shorthand [39] 1929: Oscar Leite Alves: Portuguese: Lightning Legible Shorthand [40] 1906 David Rose Glass English: Malone Shorthand [41] Maron Shorthand [39] 1932: Afonso Maron: Portuguese: Melin Shorthand [42] 1880: Olof Werling Melin: Swedish: Dominant Shorthand system in ...