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Tapas (Sanskrit: तपस्, romanized: tapas) is a variety of austere spiritual meditation practices in Indian religions.In Jainism, it means asceticism (austerities, body mortification); [1] [2] in Buddhism, it denotes spiritual practices including meditation and self-discipline; [3] and in the different traditions within Hinduism it means a spectrum of practices ranging from asceticism ...
Dhyāna (Sanskrit: ध्यान) in Hinduism means meditation [1] and contemplation. Dhyana is taken up in Yoga practices, and is a means to samadhi and self-knowledge. [2]The various concepts of dhyana and its practice originated in the Sramanic movement of ancient India, [3] [4] which started before the 6th century BCE (pre-Buddha, pre-Mahavira), [5] [6] and the practice has been ...
Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of Iron Age India around the middle of the first millennium BCE. [5] This was a period of great intellectual ferment and socio-cultural change known as the Second Urbanisation, marked by the growth of towns and trade, the composition of the Upanishads and the historical emergence of the Śramaṇa traditions.
Samādhi (Pali and Sanskrit: समाधि), in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and yogic schools, is a state of meditative consciousness. In many Indian religious traditions, the cultivation of Samādhi through various meditation methods is essential for the attainment of spiritual liberation (known variously as nirvana, moksha). [1]
Apart from its historical usage, the term meditation was introduced as a translation for Eastern spiritual practices, referred to as dhyāna in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, which comes from the Sanskrit root dhyai, meaning to contemplate or meditate. [14] [15] [16] The greek word theoria actually derives from the same root. [17]
vipassanā-bhāvanā, meaning the development of insight. [5] The word bhavana is sometimes translated into English as 'meditation' so that, for example, metta-bhavana may be translated as 'the meditation on loving-kindness'. Meditation is properly called dhyana (Sanskrit; Pali: jhāna), as practiced in samādhi, the 8th limb of the eightfold path.
Alternative names for this concept of Hinduism, include shunya purusha and Jagannatha (Vishnu) in certain text. [127] [129] However, both in Lingayatism and various flavors of Vaishnavism such as Mahima Dharma, the idea of Shunya is closer to the Hindu concept of metaphysical Brahman, rather than to the Śūnyatā concept of Buddhism. [127]
Traditionally in some Hindu and Buddhist traditions in order to embark on a specific path of sādhanā, a guru may be required to give the necessary instructions. This approach is typified by some Tantric traditions, in which initiation by a guru is sometimes identified as a specific stage of sādhanā. [ 9 ]