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Ruling King/Emperor Otto I's raid on Poland (963) Holy Roman Empire: Duchy of Poland: Victory: Otto I: German–Danish War of 974: Holy Roman Empire Norwegian Rebels: Kingdom of Denmark Kingdom of Norway: Victory: Otto II: Franco-German War of 978-980: Holy Roman Empire: West Francia: Status quo ante bellum: Otto II: Otto II's raid on Poland ...
The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Latin: Imperator Romanorum; German: Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period [1] (Latin: Imperator Germanorum; German: Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.
[101] [102] This was an attempt to abolish private feuds, between the many dukes and other people, and to tie the emperor's subordinates to a legal system of jurisdiction and public prosecution of criminal acts – a predecessor of the modern concept of rule of law. Another new concept of the time was the systematic founding of new cities by ...
Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]
This list may not reflect recent changes. 0–9. 1757 raid on Berlin; A. Battle of Agridi; Battle of Altenheim; Battle of Andernach; Battle of Aussig; B. Battle of ...
The following is a list of imperial elections in the Holy Roman Empire. Entries in italics are for elections where the claim of the man elected to be King of the Romans was disputed. Election
Emperor Faustin of the Empire of Haiti (1849–1859) Emperor Maximilian of the Second Mexican Empire (1864–1867) Emperor Sunjong and Gojong of the Korean Empire (1897–1910) The Hongxian Emperor of the Empire of China (1915–1916) The Datong Emperor of the Empire of Manchuria (1934–1945) Emperor Victor Emmanuel III of Ethiopia (1936–1941)
Francis II, Emperor Elect, King (1792–1806) Imperial Vice Chancellors ( Reichsvizekanzlers , 1527–1806) [ cs ; de ; it ] – Dominik Andreas I. von Kaunitz , Vice Chancellor (1698–1705)