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Benzenesulfonic acid (conjugate base benzenesulfonate) is an organosulfur compound with the formula C 6 H 6 O 3 S. It is the simplest aromatic sulfonic acid . It forms white deliquescent sheet crystals or a white waxy solid that is soluble in water and ethanol , slightly soluble in benzene and insoluble in nonpolar solvents like diethyl ether .
In the most common route benzene is alkylated by long chain monoalkenes (e.g. dodecene) using hydrogen fluoride as a catalyst. [9] The purified dodecylbenzenes (and related derivatives) are then sulfonated with sulfur trioxide to give the sulfonic acid. [10] The sulfonic acid is subsequently neutralized with sodium hydroxide. [1]
General structure of a sulfonic acid with the functional group indicated in blue. In organic chemistry, sulfonic acid (or sulphonic acid) refers to a member of the class of organosulfur compounds with the general formula R−S(=O) 2 −OH, where R is an organic alkyl or aryl group and the S(=O) 2 (OH) group a sulfonyl hydroxide. [1]
2 Al + 2 NaOH + 6 H 2 O → 2 Na[Al(OH) 4] + 3 H 2. The formation of sodium aluminate (Na[Al(OH) 4]) requires that solutions of high concentration of sodium hydroxide be used to avoid the formation of aluminium hydroxide, which otherwise would precipitate as bayerite. [6] Hence sodium hydroxide solutions with concentrations of up to 5 M are used.
Thiophene was discovered by Viktor Meyer in 1882 as a contaminant in benzene. [3] It was observed that isatin (an indole) forms a blue dye if it is mixed with sulfuric acid and crude benzene. The formation of the blue indophenin had long been believed to be a reaction of benzene itself.
The Hinsberg reaction is a chemical test for the detection of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.The reaction was first described by Oscar Hinsberg in 1890. [1] [2] In this test, the amine is shaken well with the Hinsberg reagent (benzenesulfonyl chloride) in the presence of aqueous alkali (either KOH or NaOH).
Sulfanilic acid can be produced by sulfonation of aniline with concentrated sulfuric acid. [5] This proceeds via phenylsulfamic acid; a zwitterion with a N-S bond. Eugen Bamberger originally proposed a mechanism involving a series of intramolecular rearrangements, with phenylsulfamic acid forming orthanilic acid, which rearranged to sulfanilic acid on heating.
Typically, n lies between 10 and 16, although generally supplied as a tighter cut, such as C 12-C 15, C 12-C 13 and C 10-C 13, for detergent use. [1] The C n H 2n+1 chain is unbranched. They are mainly produced as intermediate in the production of surfactants, for use in detergent. Since the 1960s, LABs have emerged as the dominant precursor of ...