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In mathematics, a bivector or 2-vector is a quantity in exterior algebra or geometric algebra that extends the idea of scalars and vectors. Considering a scalar as a degree-zero quantity and a vector as a degree-one quantity, a bivector is of degree two. Bivectors have applications in many areas of mathematics and physics.
T −2: Area: A: Extent of a surface m 2: L 2: extensive, bivector or scalar Area density: ρ A: Mass per unit area kg⋅m −2: L −2 M: intensive Capacitance: C: Stored charge per unit electric potential farad (F = C/V) L −2 M −1 T 4 I 2: scalar Catalytic activity concentration: Change in reaction rate due to presence of a catalyst per ...
the bivector has two distinct principal null directions; in this case, the bivector is called non-null. Furthermore, for any non-null bivector, the two eigenvalues associated with the two distinct principal null directions have the same magnitude but opposite sign, λ = ±ν, so we have three subclasses of non-null bivectors: spacelike: ν = 0
A two-vector or bivector [1] is a tensor of type () and it is the dual of a two-form, meaning that it is a linear functional which maps two-forms to the real numbers (or more generally, to scalars). The tensor product of a pair of vectors is a two-vector. Then, any two-form can be expressed as a linear combination of tensor products of pairs of ...
The source free equations can be written by the action of the exterior derivative on this 2-form. But for the equations with source terms (Gauss's law and the Ampère-Maxwell equation), the Hodge dual of this 2-form is needed. The Hodge star operator takes a p-form to a (n − p)-form, where n is the number of dimensions.
Examples of geometric algebras applied in physics include the spacetime algebra (and the less common algebra of physical space). Geometric calculus , an extension of GA that incorporates differentiation and integration , can be used to formulate other theories such as complex analysis and differential geometry , e.g. by using the Clifford ...
A 2-blade is a simple bivector. Sums of 2-blades are also bivectors, but not always simple. A 2-blade may be expressed as the wedge product of two vectors a and b: . A 3-blade is a simple trivector, that is, it may be expressed as the wedge product of three vectors a, b, and c: .
A bivector is an element of the antisymmetric tensor product of a tangent space with itself. In geometric algebra, also, a bivector is a grade 2 element (a 2-vector) resulting from the wedge product of two vectors, and so it is geometrically an oriented area, in the same way a vector is an oriented line segment.