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Classification chart with the original "figurative system of human knowledge" tree, in French. The "figurative system of human knowledge" (French: Système figuré des connaissances humaines), sometimes known as the tree of Diderot and d'Alembert, was a tree developed to represent the structure of knowledge itself, produced for the Encyclopédie by Jean le Rond d'Alembert and Denis Diderot.
Early examples of classification chart are: The illustrations of the Carl Linnaeus' 1735 classification of animals and his classification of plants in his Classes Plantarum 1738. In 1752 Jean le Rond d'Alembert and Denis Diderot produced a figurative system of human knowledge produced for the Encyclopédie. Augustin Augier's "Arbre Botanique ...
A classic example of this systematized approach is the aforementioned figurative system of human knowledge, which quantifies knowledge by dividing it into three categories: memory, reason, and imagination. The purpose of this was to place knowledge within general framework that could be added to or expounded upon if necessary.
The parts are united under one idea which determines the relation of the parts to each other and also the purpose of the whole system. A schema is needed to execute, carry out, or realize this unifying idea and put it into effect. This schema is a sketch or outline of the way that the parts of knowledge are organized into a whole system of science.
A priori and a posteriori knowledge – these terms are used with respect to reasoning (epistemology) to distinguish necessary conclusions from first premises.. A priori knowledge or justification – knowledge that is independent of experience, as with mathematics, tautologies ("All bachelors are unmarried"), and deduction from pure reason (e.g., ontological proofs).
For example, the phrase, "John, my best friend" uses the scheme known as apposition. Tropes (from Greek trepein, 'to turn') change the general meaning of words. An example of a trope is irony, which is the use of words to convey the opposite of their usual meaning ("For Brutus is an honorable man; / So are they all, all honorable men").
Bacon's 3 branches of knowledge: History. Philosophy. Poetry. (Inspired the figurative system of human knowledge of Diderot and d'Alembert.) Thomas Hobbes' 3 Fields: Physics. Moral Philosophy. Civil Philosophy. John Dryden's 3 ways of transferring: Metaphrase. Paraphrase. Imitation. Christian Wolff's 3 special metaphysics: Rational psychology ...
Literal and figurative language is a distinction that exists in all natural languages; it is studied within certain areas of language analysis, in particular stylistics, rhetoric, and semantics. Literal language is the usage of words exactly according to their direct, straightforward, or conventionally accepted meanings : their denotation .