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Hyponatremia or hyponatraemia is a low concentration of sodium in the blood. [4] It is generally defined as a sodium concentration of less than 135 mmol/L (135 mEq/L), with severe hyponatremia being below 120 mEq/L. [3] [8] Symptoms can be absent, mild or severe.
[14] [3] Dilutional hyponatremia can happen in diabetics as high glucose levels pull water into the blood stream causing the sodium concentration to be lower. [14] [3] Diagnosis of the cause of hyponatremia relies on three factors: volume status, plasma osmolality, urine sodium levels and urine osmolality. [14] [3]
Hypoosmolar hyponatremia is a condition where hyponatremia is associated with a low plasma osmolality. [1] The term "hypotonic hyponatremia" is also sometimes used. [2] When the plasma osmolarity is low, the extracellular fluid volume status may be in one of three states: low volume, normal volume, or high volume.
See hyponatremia or hypernatremia: 310, [16] 320 [16] 330, [16] 340 [16] mg/dL Potassium (K) 3.5, [5] [14] 3.6 [15] 5.0, [5] [14] [15] 5.1: mmol/L or mEq/L [14] See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia: 14 [17] 20 [17] mg/dL Chloride (Cl) 95, [14] 98, [18] 100 [5] 105, [14] 106, [18] 110 [5] mmol/L or mEq/L [14] See hypochloremia or hyperchloremia: 340 ...
the physiologic response to a decrease in kidney perfusion is an increase in sodium reabsorption to control hyponatremia, often caused by volume depletion or decrease in effective circulating volume (e.g. low output heart failure). above 2% [citation needed] or 3% [2] acute tubular necrosis or other kidney damage (postrenal disease)
Exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) is a fluid-electrolyte disorder caused by a decrease in sodium levels (hyponatremia) during or up to 24 hours after prolonged physical activity. [1] This disorder can develop when marathon runners or endurance event athletes drink more fluid, usually water or sports drinks, than their kidneys can excrete ...
History and physical can often make the diagnosis of hypovolemic shock. For patients with hemorrhagic shock, a history of trauma or recent surgery is present. [4] For hypovolemic shock due to fluid losses, history and physical should attempt to identify possible GI, renal, skin, or third-spacing as a cause of extracellular fluid loss. [4]
In severe or acute hypoosmolar hyponatremia, swelling of brain cells causes various neurological abnormalities, which in severe or acute cases can result in convulsions, coma, and death. The symptoms of chronic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis are more vague, and may include cognitive impairment, gait abnormalities, or osteoporosis. [2]