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Diagram comparing the Celtic, astronomical and meteorological calendars. Among the Insular Celts, the year was divided into a light half and a dark half.As the day was seen as beginning at sunset, so the year was seen as beginning with the arrival of the darkness, at Calan Gaeaf / Samhain (around 1 November in the modern calendar). [4]
The various names used since classical times for the people known today as the Celts are of disparate origins.. The names Κελτοί (Keltoí) and Celtae are used in Greek and Latin, respectively, to denote a people of the La Tène horizon in the region of the upper Rhine and Danube during the 6th to 1st centuries BC in Graeco-Roman ethnography.
Another Old Irish name for the festival was Cétshamain or Cétamain, probably meaning 'first of summer'. [8] [9] Ó Duinnín's Irish dictionary (1904) gives this as Céadamhain or Céadamh in modern Irish. It survives in the Scottish Gaelic name for the month of May, An Cèitean, and matches the Welsh Cyntefin. [10]
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In areas where certain family names are extremely common, extra names are added that sometimes follow this archaic pattern. In Ireland, for example, where Murphy is an exceedingly common name, particular Murphy families or extended families are nicknamed, so that Denis Murphy 's family were called 'The Weavers" and Denis himself was called ...
This list of Scottish Gaelic given names shows Scottish Gaelic given names beside their English language equivalent. In some cases, the equivalent can be a cognate , in other cases it may be an Anglicised spelling derived from the Gaelic name, or in other cases it can be an etymologically unrelated name.
It is the most important evidence for the reconstruction of an ancient Celtic calendar. It was found in 1897 in France, in Coligny, Ain ( 46°23′N 5°21′E / 46.383°N 5.350°E / 46.383; 5.350 , near Lyon ), along with broken pieces of a bronze statue of a life-size naked male holding a spear, likely Roman Mars
Fedelm - female prophet and poet; Fedelm Noíchrothach - daughter of Conchobar mac Nessa, unfaithful wife of Cairbre Nia Fer and lover of both Cú Chulainn and Conall Cernach; Flidais - lover of Fergus mac Róich; Lugaid mac Con Roí - son of Cú Roí and killer of Cú Chulainn; Mesgegra - king of Leinster