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Among the things Muhammad did in order to settle the longstanding grievances among the tribes of Medina was drafting a document known as the Constitution of Medina (date debated), establishing a kind of brotherhood among the eight Medinan tribes and Muslim emigrants from Mecca, which specified the rights and duties of all citizens and the ...
The Constitution of Medina (Arabic: وثيقة المدينة, romanized: Waṯīqat al-Madīna; or صحیفة المدينة, Ṣaḥīfat al-Madīna; also known as the Umma Document), [1] is a document dealing with tribal affairs during the Islamic prophet Muhammad's time in Medina [2] and formed the basis of a multi-religious state under his leadership.
Yathrib renamed "Medina." [5] Baqi Cemetery established. 623 CE - Masjid al-Qiblatayn (Mosque of the two Qiblas) built. 624 CE - Prophet's House built. [1] 627 March–April: Battle of the Trench. [6] Constitution of Medina created (approximate date). [7] 630 - Medina and Mecca "established as the holy cities of Islam." [3] 632 CE / 11 H. 8 ...
The Yawm al-Buʿāth (Arabic: معرکة بُعاث) was a 7th-century battle in Medina that was fought between the two dominant tribes living there, the Aws and the Khazraj. The battle marked the final armed conflict between both tribes before their conversion to Islam after the arrival of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
It was a pivotal treaty between Muhammad, representing the state of Medina, and the tribe of the Quraysh in Mecca in March 628 (corresponding to Dhu al-Qi'dah, AH 6). The treaty helped to decrease tension between the two cities, affirmed peace for a period of 10 years, and authorised Muhammad's followers to return the following year in a ...
In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with minimal casualties.
A later revolt by Muhammad's nephew al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Abid was also brief and ended in failure at the Battle of Fakhkh near Mecca in 786, while the seizure of Medina by a lieutenant of the pro-Alid rebel Abu al-Saraya al-Sari ibn Mansur in 815 during the Fourth Fitna was likewise temporary and the city was soon restored to Abbasid control.
Muhammad was able to prepare a force of about 3000 men. He had however adopted a new form of defense, unknown in Arabia at that time: Muslims had dug a trench wherever Medina lay open to cavalry attack. The idea is credited to a Persian convert to Islam, Salman the Persian. The siege of Medina began on March 31, 627 and lasted for two weeks. [32]