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A section of the human vertebral column, showing multiple vertebrae in a left posterolateral view. Each vertebra (pl.: vertebrae) is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, that make up the vertebral column or spine, of vertebrates. The proportions of the vertebrae differ according to their spinal ...
All vertebrates are built along the basic chordate body plan: a rigid axial endoskeleton (vertebral column and/or notochord) running along the length of the animal, [13] dorsal to the gut tube, with a hollow dorsal nerve cord (the neural tube, which develops into the brain and spinal cord) running more dorsal to it.
The vertebrae in the human vertebral column is divided into different body regions, which correspond to the curvatures of the vertebral column. The articulating vertebrae are named according to their region of the spine. Vertebrae in these regions are essentially alike, with minor variation. These regions are called the cervical spine, thoracic ...
The atlas (C1) is the topmost vertebra, and along with the axis forms the joint connecting the skull and spine. It lacks a vertebral body, spinous process, and discs either superior or inferior to it. It is ring-like and consists of an anterior arch, posterior arch, and two lateral masses. The axis (C2) forms the pivot on which the atlas rotates.
The lumbar vertebrae are located between the thoracic vertebrae and pelvis. They form the lower part of the human back in humans, and the tail end of the back in quadrupeds. In humans, there are five lumbar vertebrae. The term is used to describe the anatomy of humans and quadrupeds, such as horses, pigs, or cattle.
For example, the T11 spinal segment is located higher than the T11 bony vertebra, and the sacral spinal cord segment is higher than the L1 vertebral body. [ 8 ] The grey columns , (three regions of grey matter) in the center of the cord, is shaped like a butterfly and consists of cell bodies of interneurons , motor neurons, neuroglia cells and ...
There are 23 bones in the skull. Including the bones of the middle ear and the hyoid bone, the head contains 29 bones. Cranial bones (8) Occipital bone. Parietal bones (2) Frontal bone. Temporal bones (2) Sphenoid bone (sometimes counted as facial) Ethmoid bone (sometimes counted as facial)
There are 23 discs in the human spine: 6 in the neck region, 12 in the middle back region, and 5 in the lower back region. [3] Discs are named by the vertebral body above and below. For example, the disc between the fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae is designated "C5-6". [4]