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Propranolol was patented in 1962 and approved for medical use in 1964. [8] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [9] Propranolol is available as a generic medication. [2] In 2022, it was the 77th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 8 million prescriptions. [10] [11]
Beta blocker. Skeletal formula of propranolol, the first clinically successful beta blocker. Beta blockers, also spelled β-blockers, are a class of medications that are predominantly used to manage abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia), and to protect the heart from a second heart attack after a first heart attack (secondary prevention). [1]
The discovery of β-blockers reaches back to more than 100 years ago, when early investigators came up with the idea that catecholamines were binding selectively to receptor-like structures and that this was the cause of their pharmacological actions. [3] In 1948, Raymond P. Ahlquist published a seminal paper concluding his findings, that there ...
Antihypertensive. Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). [ 1 ] Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke, heart failure, kidney failure and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg ...
Adrenergic antagonist. Visual definition of an antagonist, where it compared to agonists and reverse agonists. An adrenergic antagonist is a drug that inhibits the function of adrenergic receptors. There are five adrenergic receptors, which are divided into two groups. The first group of receptors are the beta (β) adrenergic receptors.
Alpha-blockers, also known as α-blockers or α-adrenoreceptor antagonists, are a class of pharmacological agents that act as antagonists on α-adrenergic receptors (α-adrenoceptors). [2] Historically, alpha-blockers were used as a tool for pharmacologic research to develop a greater understanding of the autonomic nervous system.
Alpha-1 blocker. Alpha-1 blockers (also called alpha-adrenergic blocking agents or alpha-1 antagonists) constitute a variety of drugs that block the effect of catecholamines on alpha-1-adrenergic receptors. They are mainly used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), hypertension and post-traumatic stress disorder. [1]
Atenolol is classified as a beta blocker with low lipophilicity and hence lower potential for crossing the blood–brain barrier and entering the brain. [39] This in turn may result in fewer effects in the central nervous system as well as a lower risk of neuropsychiatric side effects. [39]