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Learn how to apply the Aufbau principle, Hund's rule, and Pauli's exclusion principle to write electron configurations for atoms. See examples, diagrams, and exceptions for different orbitals and elements.
Hund's rule states that electrons fill a suborbital singly and with the same spin before they form doubles with opposite spins. Learn how to apply this rule to nitrogen and oxygen atoms and how it relates to the Aufbau principle and Pauli exclusion principle.
The main difference between the Aufbau principle and the Hund’s rule is that Aufbau principle indicates the order in which subshells are filled with electrons whereas Hund’s rule indicates the way in which electrons fill the orbitals in the subshells.
Aufbau Principle: lower energy orbitals fill before higher energy orbitals. Hund's Rule: one electron goes into each until all of them are half full before pairing up. Pauli Exclusion Principle: no two electrons can be identified by the same set of quantum numbers (i.e. must have different spins).
Learn how to apply Hund's rule to fill atomic orbitals with electrons and predict their spin and stability. See examples of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon and other elements with different electron configurations.
The Aufbau principle is the rule that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy as protons are added to an atom. Learn the rules, exceptions, and examples of the Aufbau principle in chemistry.
Aufbau (building-up) Principle: Fill the atomic orbitals with electrons starting at the lowest available energy states before filling higher states. Pauli Exclusion Principle: No two electrons can have the same 4 quantum numbers. Hund's Rule (one of three) For an electron shell with multiple orbitals, the term with
Learn how to apply Hund's rule to place electrons in orbitals of equal energy with the same spin. See examples of orbital filling diagrams for hydrogen, helium, lithium, carbon, and oxygen.
Learn about Hund's rule, which states that electrons prefer to occupy singly or unpaired orbitals with the same spin before pairing up. See examples of how to apply Hund's rule to atomic energy levels and configuration, and how it differs from Aufbau principle and Pauli's exclusion principle.
The Aufbau principle is the rule that electrons are filled into atomic orbitals in the increasing order of orbital energy level. Learn about the exceptions to this principle, such as chromium and copper, and how to write electronic configurations using the Aufbau principle.