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The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagement was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, its own member state, in August 1968 (with the participation of all pact nations except Albania and Romania), [12] which, in part, resulted in Albania withdrawing from the pact less than one month later.
Military alliances differ from coalitions, which are formed for a crisis that already exists. Numerous forms of military and defensive alliances have existed between states since early human history. This is a comprehensive list of the most important alliances. NATO and Warsaw Pact states during the Cold War era
Any State so invited may become a Party to the Treaty by depositing its instrument of accession with the Government of the United States of America. The Government of the United States of America will inform each of the Parties of the deposit of each such instrument of accession. [117] Article 10 poses two general limits to non-member states.
Three of NATO's members are nuclear weapons states: France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. NATO has 12 original founding member states. Three more members joined between 1952 and 1955, and a fourth joined in 1982. Since the end of the Cold War, NATO has added 16 more members from 1999 to 2024. [1]
However the Warsaw Pact had amassed at the Czech border, and invaded overnight (August 20–21). That afternoon, on August 21, the council met to hear the Czechoslovak Ambassador Jan Mužík denounce the invasion. Soviet Ambassador Jacob Malik insisted the Warsaw Pact actions were those of "fraternal assistance" against "antisocial forces". [95]
The CSTO was founded in 2002 when the six member states agreed to create the Collective Security Treaty Organization as a military alliance. [16] As an attempt to develop a successor alliance to the Warsaw Pact, the CSTO is comparatively weak. [17]
During the Cold War, most of Europe was divided between two alliances. Members of NATO are shown in blue, with members of the Warsaw Pact in red and unaffiliated countries are in grey. Yugoslavia, although communist, had left the Soviet sphere in 1948, and Albania was a Warsaw Pact member-only until 1968.
The Pact consolidated the other Bloc members' armies in which Soviet officers and security agents served under a unified Soviet command structure. [115] Beginning in 1964, Romania took a more independent course. [116] While it did not repudiate either Comecon or the Warsaw Pact, it ceased to play a significant role in either. [116]