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The speciation diagram shows that solutions of citric acid are buffer solutions between about pH 2 and pH 8. In biological systems around pH 7, the two species present are the citrate ion and mono-hydrogen citrate ion. The SSC 20X hybridization buffer is an example in common use. [23] [24] Tables compiled for biochemical studies are available. [25]
A universal indicator is a pH indicator made of a solution of several compounds that exhibit various smooth colour changes over a wide range pH values to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of solutions. A universal indicator can be in paper form or present in a form of a solution. [1]
The pH scale is logarithmic and therefore pH is a dimensionless quantity. ... Lemon juice tastes sour because it contains 5% to 6% citric acid and has a pH of 2.2 ...
The lemon (Citrus × limon) is a species of small evergreen tree in the Citrus genus of the flowering plant family Rutaceae. The lemon is a hybrid of the citron and the bitter orange . Its origins are uncertain, but some evidence suggests lemons originated during the 1st millennium BC in what is now northeastern India .
In and of themselves, pH indicators are usually weak acids or weak bases. The general reaction scheme of acidic pH indicators in aqueous solutions can be formulated as: HInd (aq) + H 2 O (l) ⇌ H 3 O + (aq) + Ind − (aq) where, "HInd" is the acidic form and "Ind −" is the conjugate base of the indicator. Vice versa for basic pH indicators ...
The pH scale is by far the most commonly used acidity function, and is ideal for dilute aqueous solutions. Other acidity functions have been proposed for different environments, most notably the Hammett acidity function, H 0, [3] for superacid media and its modified version H − for superbasic media.
Because it changes color at the pK a of a mid strength acid, it is usually used in titration of strong acids in weak bases that reach the equivalence point at a pH of 3.1-4.4. [3] Unlike a universal indicator , methyl orange does not have a full spectrum of color change, but it has a sharp end point.
The lemon battery illustrates the type of chemical reaction (oxidation-reduction) that occurs in batteries. [2] [3] [4] The zinc and copper are called the electrodes, and the juice inside the lemon is called the electrolyte. There are many variations of the lemon cell that use different fruits (or liquids) as electrolytes and metals other than ...