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A network socket is a software structure within a network node of a computer network that serves as an endpoint for sending and receiving data across the network. The structure and properties of a socket are defined by an application programming interface (API) for the networking architecture.
By far the most popular FCS algorithm is a cyclic redundancy check (CRC), used in Ethernet and other IEEE 802 protocols with 32 bits, in X.25 with 16 or 32 bits, in HDLC with 16 or 32 bits, in Frame Relay with 16 bits, [3] in Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) with 16 or 32 bits, and in other data link layer protocols.
In the Cisco IOS, [1] they are used in several places, for example: To indicate the size of a network or subnet for some routing protocols, such as OSPF. To indicate what IP addresses should be permitted or denied in access control lists (ACLs). A wildcard mask can be thought of as an inverted subnet mask.
Cisco InterCloud Fabric uses DTLS to form a tunnel between private and public/provider compute environments. [36] Cato Networks utilizes DTLS v1.2 for the underlay tunnel used by both the Cato Socket and Cato ZTNA (formerly SDP) client when forming tunnels to the Cato POPs [37] and when forming off-cloud tunnels between Cato sockets. [38]
An overwhelmed network node can send a pause frame, which halts the transmission of the sender for a specified period of time. A media access control (MAC) frame (EtherType 0x8808) is used to carry the pause command, with the Control opcode set to 0x0001 (hexadecimal). [1]
Cisco IOS IP Service Level Agreements Control Protocol [citation needed] 1972: Yes: InterSystems Caché, and InterSystems IRIS versions 2020.3 and later 1984: Yes: Big Brother: Unofficial: Arweave mining node [161] 1985: Assigned: Yes: Cisco Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) [162] [self-published source] 1998: Yes: Cisco X.25 over TCP service ...
Since TCP keepalive is optional, various protocols (e.g. SMB [5] and TLS [6]) implement their own keep-alive feature on top of TCP.It is also common for protocols which maintain a session over a connectionless protocol, e.g. OpenVPN over UDP, [7] to implement their own keep-alive.
Since bit errors are very rare in wired networks, Ethernet does not provide flow control or automatic repeat request (ARQ), meaning that incorrect packets are detected but only cancelled, not retransmitted (except in case of collisions detected by the CSMA/CD MAC layer protocol).