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Unit cell of sodium peroxide Na 2 O 2. The sodium ions are violet and the peroxide ions in red. In chemistry, metal peroxides are metal-containing compounds with ionically- or covalently-bonded peroxide (O 2− 2) groups. This large family of compounds can be divided into ionic and covalent peroxide.
A chemical charge can be found by using the periodic table. An element's placement on the periodic table indicates whether its chemical charge is negative or positive. Looking at the table, one can see that the positive charges are on the left side of the table and the negative charges are on the right side of the table.
The size of atom; The nuclear charge; oxidation number; The screening effect of the inner shells; The extent to which the outermost electron penetrates into the charge cloud set up by the inner lying electron; In the periodic table, effective nuclear charge decreases down a group and increases left to right across a period.
The peroxide group is marked in blue. R, R 1 and R 2 mark hydrocarbon moieties. The most common peroxide is hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), colloquially known simply as "peroxide". It is marketed as solutions in water at various concentrations. Many organic peroxides are known as well. In addition to hydrogen peroxide, some other major classes of ...
Atomic radii vary in a predictable and explicable manner across the periodic table. For instance, the radii generally decrease rightward along each period (row) of the table, from the alkali metals to the noble gases; and increase down each group (column). The radius increases sharply between the noble gas at the end of each period and the ...
Applied to molecular ions, this algorithm considers the actual location of the formal (ionic) charge, as drawn in the Lewis structure. As an example, summing bond orders in the ammonium cation yields −4 at the nitrogen of formal charge +1, with the two numbers adding to the oxidation state of −3:
The size of Ln 3+ ions regularly decreases with atomic number. According to Fajans' rules , decrease in size of Ln 3+ ions increases the covalent character and decreases the basic character between Ln 3+ and OH − ions in Ln(OH) 3 , to the point that Yb(OH) 3 and Lu(OH) 3 can dissolve with difficulty in hot concentrated NaOH.
Partial atomic charges can be used to quantify the degree of ionic versus covalent bonding of any compound across the periodic table. The necessity for such quantities arises, for example, in molecular simulations to compute bulk and surface properties in agreement with experiment.