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One GGE of natural gas is 126.67 cubic feet (3.587 m 3) at standard conditions. This volume of natural gas has the same energy content as one US gallon of gasoline (based on lower heating values: 900 BTU/cu ft (9.3 kWh/m 3) of natural gas and 114,000 BTU/US gal (8.8 kWh/L) for gasoline). [22]
Hydrogen at atmospheric pressure has an energy density of 120 MJ/kg (113,738 BTU/kg), [88] by converting this energy density to a GGE, it is found that 1.011 kg of hydrogen is needed to meet the equivalent energy of one gallon of gasoline. This conversion factor can now be used to calculate the MPGe for this vehicle.
gallon (imperial) gal (imp) ≡ 4.546 09 L: ≡ 4.546 09 × 10 −3 m 3: gallon (US dry) gal (US) ≡ 1 ⁄ 8 bu (US lvl) = 4.404 883 770 86 × 10 −3 m 3: gallon (US fluid; Wine) gal (US) ≡ 231 cu in ≡ 3.785 411 784 × 10 −3 m 3: gill (imperial); Noggin: gi (imp); nog ≡ 5 fl oz (imp) = 142.065 3125 × 10 −6 m 3: gill (US) gi (US ...
When burned, one liter (0.26 U.S. gal) of gasoline emits about 2.3 kilograms (5.1 lb) of CO 2, a greenhouse gas, contributing to human-caused climate change. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] Oil products, including gasoline, were responsible for about 32% of CO 2 emissions worldwide in 2021.
This is 17% lower than the earlier wider used one based on non measured values of 3.47 kJ · kg−1· °C−1. The contribution of the muscle to the specific heat of the body is approximately 47%, and the contribution of the fat and skin is approximately 24%.
To reduce mass, the engines are compact in all directions, made almost entirely of aluminum, and feature composite intake manifolds. This removes 44 pounds (20 kg) from the existing 1.4-liter turbo in the Cruze and makes it 8 pounds (4 kg) lighter than the 1.4-liter VW turbo. GM says this engine weighs 216 pounds (98 kg), ready for installation.
The density of propane gas at 25 °C (77 °F) is 1.808 kg/m 3, about 1.5× the density of air at the same temperature. The density of liquid propane at 25 °C (77 °F) is 0.493 g/cm 3 , which is equivalent to 4.11 pounds per U.S. liquid gallon or 493 g/L. Propane expands at 1.5% per 10 °F.
In all, the higher heating value of hydrogen is 18.2% above its lower heating value (142 MJ/kg vs. 120 MJ/kg). For hydrocarbons, the difference depends on the hydrogen content of the fuel. For gasoline and diesel the higher heating value exceeds the lower heating value by about 10% and 7%, respectively, and for natural gas about 11%.