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Ab Initio gene prediction is an intrinsic method based on gene content and signal detection. Because of the inherent expense and difficulty in obtaining extrinsic evidence for many genes, it is also necessary to resort to ab initio gene finding, in which the genomic DNA sequence alone is systematically searched for certain tell-tale signs of protein-coding genes.
An inducible gene is a gene whose expression is either responsive to environmental change or dependent on the position in the cell cycle. Any step of gene expression may be modulated, from the DNA-RNA transcription step to post-translational modification of a protein. The stability of the final gene product, whether it is RNA or protein, also ...
The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and non-coding genes. [1] [2] [3] During gene expression (the synthesis of RNA or protein from a gene), DNA is first copied into RNA.
Ab initio methods (also called statistical, intrinsic, or de novo). CDS prediction is based solely on the information that can be extracted from the DNA sequence. They rely on statistical methods such as the hidden Markov model (HMM). Some methods employ two or more genomes to infer local mutation rates and patterns along the genome. [38]
They can be estimated using individual-level data from twin studies and molecular genetics, or even with GWAS summary statistics. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Genetic correlations have been found to be common in non-human genetics [ 12 ] and to be broadly similar to their respective phenotypic correlations, [ 13 ] and also found extensively in human traits ...
Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and among populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology.Studies in this branch of biology examine such phenomena as adaptation, speciation, and population structure.
Gene set enrichment determines if the overlap between two gene sets is statistically significant, in this case the overlap between differentially expressed genes and gene sets from known pathways/databases (e.g., Gene Ontology, KEGG, Human Phenotype Ontology) or from complementary analyses in the same data (like co-expression networks).
If the genes of a gene family encode proteins, the term protein family is often used in an analogous manner to gene family. The expansion or contraction of gene families along a specific lineage can be due to chance, or can be the result of natural selection. [2] To distinguish between these two cases is often difficult in practice.