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According to these models, radon exposure is thought to be the second major cause of lung cancer after smoking. [66] Iowa has the highest average radon concentration in the United States; studies performed there have demonstrated a 50% increased lung cancer risk with prolonged radon exposure above the EPA's action level of 4 pCi/L. [77] [92]
According to the European pooling study, there is a difference in risk for the histological subtypes of lung cancer and radon exposure. Small-cell lung carcinoma, which has a high correlation with smoking, has a higher risk after radon exposure. For other histological subtypes such as adenocarcinoma, the type that primarily affects non-smokers ...
Underground miners have the greatest exposure; however even the lower levels of radon that seep into residential spaces can increase occupants' risk of lung cancer. Like asbestos, cigarette smoking and radon exposure increase risk synergistically. [72] Radon exposure is responsible for between 3% and 14% of lung cancer cases. [73]
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Residential exposure to radon gas has similar cancer risks as passive smoking. [6] Radiation is a more potent source of cancer when it is combined with other cancer-causing agents, such as radon gas exposure plus smoking tobacco.
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The public needs to be aware of radon risks and the means to reduce and prevent these." [2] In 1996 [citation needed], WHO published a report containing several conclusions and recommendations covering the scientific understanding of radon risk and the need for countries to take action in the areas of risk management and risk communication.
The risk was even higher in men with diabetes and smokers — around 43 percent of subjects with Peyronie’s disease had diabetes, and 65 percent were current smokers or had a history of smoking. ED