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Zolpidem, sold under the brand name Ambien among others, is a medication primarily used for the short-term treatment of sleeping problems. [ 11 ] [ 16 ] Guidelines recommend that it be used only after cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and after behavioral changes, such as sleep hygiene , have been tried.
[81] [82] Concerns regarding the long-term effects of benzodiazepines have been raised since 1980. [83] These concerns are still not fully answered. A review in 2006 of the literature on use of benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics concluded that more research is needed to evaluate the long-term effects of hypnotic drugs. [84]
Low-dose doxepin is approved by the FDA for the treatment of insomnia. [5] Second generation of antihistamines such as cetirizine and loratadine have a much less sedating effect than the first ones with a much lower degree of crossing the blood–brain barrier. [29] Common side effects of antihistamines include nausea, constipation and dry ...
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Zolpidem tartrate, a common but potent sedative–hypnotic drug.Used for severe insomnia. Hypnotic (from Greek Hypnos, sleep [1]), or soporific drugs, commonly known as sleeping pills, are a class of (and umbrella term for) psychoactive drugs whose primary function is to induce sleep [2] (or surgical anesthesia [note 1]) and to treat insomnia (sleeplessness).
[32] [35] Nevertheless, benzodiazepines are still prescribed for long-term treatment of anxiety disorders, although specific antidepressants and psychological therapies are recommended as the first-line treatment options with the anticonvulsant drug pregabalin indicated as a second- or third-line treatment and suitable for long-term use. [36]
Side effects can differ within the drug class due to differences in metabolism and pharmacology. For example, long-acting benzodiazepines have problems of drug accumulation especially in the elderly or those with liver disease, and shorter-acting benzodiazepines have a higher risk of more severe withdrawal symptoms.
Some severe side effects with long-term consequences may include pancreatitis, acute kidney injury, gallstones, gallbladder disease, diabetic retinopathy, and an increased heart rate. Semaglutide ...