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An electronic circuit can usually be categorized as an analog circuit, a digital circuit, or a mixed-signal circuit (a combination of analog circuits and digital circuits). The most widely used semiconductor device in electronic circuits is the MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor). [3]
In circuit theory, a hypothetical element that maintains a specified voltage between its terminals independent of the current through it. voltage spike A transient electrical voltage higher than normal appearing on an electrical supply. voltage-to-current converter A circuit that produces an output current proportional to an input voltage. volt ...
An example is the voltage comparator which receives a continuous range of voltage but only outputs one of two levels as in a digital circuit. Similarly, an overdriven transistor amplifier can take on the characteristics of a controlled switch , having essentially two levels of output.
Analogue circuits can be entirely passive, consisting of resistors, capacitors and inductors. Active circuits also contain active elements such as transistors. Traditional circuits are built from lumped elements – that is, discrete components. However, an alternative is distributed-element circuits, built from pieces of transmission line.
In some cases, digital circuits use more energy than analog circuits to accomplish the same tasks, thus producing more heat which increases the complexity of the circuits such as the inclusion of heat sinks. In portable or battery-powered systems this can limit the use of digital systems.
Examples of these include: Lighting; Major appliance; Small appliances; IT equipment (computers, printers etc.) Motors, pumps and HVAC Systems; More specifically, electrical equipment refers to the individual components of an electrical distribution system. These components may involve: Electric switchboards; Distribution boards; Circuit ...
However, electronic engineers who perform circuit analysis use a more restrictive definition of passivity. When only concerned with the energy of signals , it is convenient to ignore the so-called DC circuit and pretend that the power supplying components such as transistors or integrated circuits is absent (as if each such component had its ...
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electric components such that electric charge is made to flow along a closed path (a circuit), usually to perform some useful task. [ 56 ] The components in an electric circuit can take many forms, which can include elements such as resistors , capacitors , switches , transformers and electronics .