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According to mainstream Ukrainian historiography, the western Ukrainian nobility developed out of a mixture of three groups of people: poor Rus' boyars (East Slavic aristocrats from the medieval era), descendants of princely retainers or druzhina (free soldiers in the service of the Rus' princes), and peasants who had been free during the times of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia. [5]
Women's liberation was a major theme in her poetry; she was considered to be the bard of the women's movement. She was also one of the first women teachers in Galicia. [1] [2] In 1885, thanks to the efforts of Ivan Franko, she gets a job in Lviv, but in the same year she is fired for promoting socialist ideas. From then until 1900, she works as ...
In Ukraine, the events are called "Volhynia tragedy". [230] [4] Coverage in textbooks may be brief and/or euphemistic. [231] Some Ukrainian historians accept the genocide classification, but argue that it was a "bilateral genocide" and that the Home Army was responsible for crimes against Ukrainian civilians that were equivalent in nature. [229]
Eastern Galicia, with the ethnic composition of about two thirds Ukrainians and one third Poles, [nb 2] [5] east of the Curzon line, was incorporated into the Second Polish Republic after Austria-Hungary's collapse and the defeat of the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic. [1]
A secondary movement was the emigration under the auspices of the Austro-Hungarian government of 10,000 Ukrainians from Galicia to Bosnia. Furthermore, due to Russian agitation, 15,000 Ukrainians left Galicia and Bukovina and settled in Russia. Most of these settlers later returned.
The Ruthenian nobility (Ukrainian: Руська шляхта, romanized: Ruska shlyakhta; Belarusian: Руская шляхта, romanized: Ruskaja šlachta; Polish: szlachta ruska) originated in the territories of Kievan Rus' and Galicia–Volhynia, which were incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and later the Russian and Austrian Empires.
Unlike Galicia, which had been part of Habsburg Austria from 1772 to 1918, was predominantly Greek Catholic, relatively urbanised and had an active Ukrainian nationalist movement, Volhynia had been part of the Russian Empire, almost 90% of the population worked the land (or owned it) and was majority Orthodox, while the remainder were mostly Jews living in towns, with Rivne, the largest at ...