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A price index aggregates various combinations of base period prices (), later period prices (), base period quantities (), and later period quantities (). Price index numbers are usually defined either in terms of (actual or hypothetical) expenditures (expenditure = price * quantity) or as different weighted averages of price relatives ( p t ...
Remembering that time-based depreciation is a fixed cost and usage-based depreciation can be a variable cost, depreciation can easily be added into the model (equation 5). Thus, the profit model becomes: π = pq - [F + F d + (mμ + lλ + n + n d)q]..... (equation 8) where, nd = usage (as q) based depreciation and π = annual profit.
Another kind of specific quantity, termed named specific quantity, is a generalization of the original concept. The divisor quantity is not restricted to mass, and name of the divisor is usually placed before "specific" in the full term (e.g., "thrust-specific fuel consumption"). Named and unnamed specific quantities are given for the terms below.
Let us assume that the standard direct material cost of widget is as follows: 2 kg of unobtainium at € 60 per kg ( = € 120 per unit). Let us assume further that during the given period, 100 widgets were manufactured, using 212 kg of unobtainium which cost € 13,144. Under those assumptions direct material price variance can be calculated as:
In variance analysis, direct material usage (efficiency, quantity) variance is the difference between the standard quantity of materials that should have been used for the number of units actually produced, and the actual quantity of materials used, valued at the standard cost per unit of material.
Depending on the market and profit considerations, etc., the price may be more or less than the cost. [12] Production rate – the quantity of work which is completed in one unit of time. [13] Production rate = completed work quantity / duration. Example: Excavation 8 cy/day = 1 cy/hour (in an 8-hour day). RSMeans lists this as Daily Output. [14]
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Components of price. Image according to Garrett (2008), figure 4-1, p.65. In business economics cost breakdown analysis is a method of cost analysis, which itemizes the cost of a certain product or service into its various components, the so-called cost drivers.