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Residual entropy is the difference in entropy between a non-equilibrium state and crystal state of a substance close to absolute zero.This term is used in condensed matter physics to describe the entropy at zero kelvin of a glass or plastic crystal referred to the crystal state, whose entropy is zero according to the third law of thermodynamics.
This residual entropy disappears when the kinetic barriers to transitioning to one ground state are overcome. [ 8 ] With the development of statistical mechanics , the third law of thermodynamics (like the other laws) changed from a fundamental law (justified by experiments) to a derived law (derived from even more basic laws).
The residual entropy of a fluid has some special significance. In 1976, Yasha Rosenfeld published a landmark paper, showing that the transport coefficients of pure liquids, when expressed as functions of the residual entropy, can be treated as monovariate functions, rather than as functions of two variables (i.e. temperature and pressure, or ...
The constant value (not necessarily zero) of entropy at this point is called the residual entropy of the system. With the exception of non-crystalline solids (e.g. glass) the residual entropy of a system is typically close to zero. [2]
The resulting configuration is geometrically a periodic lattice. The distribution of bonds on this lattice is represented by a directed-graph (arrows) and can be either ordered or disordered. In 1935, Linus Pauling used the ice rules to calculate the residual entropy (zero temperature entropy) of ice I h. [3]
The Peng–Robinson equation of state relates the three interdependent state properties pressure P, temperature T, and molar volume V m.From the state properties (P, V m, T), one may compute the departure function for enthalpy per mole (denoted h) and entropy per mole (s): [2]
An n × n grid graph (with periodic boundary conditions and n ≥ 2) has n 2 vertices and 2n 2 edges; it is 4-regular, meaning that each vertex has exactly four neighbors.. An orientation of this graph is an assignment of a direction to each edge; it is an Eulerian orientation if it gives each vertex exactly two incoming edges and exactly two outgoing edg
The first such model was introduced by Linus Pauling in 1935 to account for the residual entropy of water ice. [1] Variants have been proposed as models of certain ferroelectric [2] and antiferroelectric [3] crystals. In 1967, Elliott H. Lieb found the exact solution to a two-dimensional ice model known as "square ice". [4]