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Full hybrid-pi model. The full model introduces the virtual terminal, B′, so that the base spreading resistance, r bb, (the bulk resistance between the base contact and the active region of the base under the emitter) and r b′e (representing the base current required to make up for recombination of minority carriers in the base region) can be represented separately.
A large signal is any signal having enough magnitude to reveal a circuit's nonlinear behavior. The signal may be a DC signal or an AC signal or indeed, any signal. How large a signal needs to be (in magnitude) before it is considered a large signal depends on the circuit and context in which the signal is being used. In some highly nonlinear ...
This resistor can thus account for the finite output resistance of a simple current mirror or an actively loaded common-emitter amplifier. In keeping with the model used in SPICE and as discussed above using V C B {\displaystyle V_{CB}} the resistance becomes:
They are an extension of S-parameters [2] meaning that, in the limit of a small signal, X-parameters reduce to S-parameters. They help overcome a key challenge in RF engineering , namely that nonlinear impedance differences, harmonic mixing , and nonlinear reflection effects occur when components are cascaded under large signal operating ...
The common collector amplifier's low output impedance allows a source with a large output impedance to drive a small load impedance without changing its voltage. Thus this circuit finds applications as a voltage buffer. In other words, the circuit has current gain (which depends largely on the h FE of the transistor) instead of voltage gain. A ...
At low frequencies and under small-signal conditions, the circuit in Figure 1 can be represented by that in Figure 2, where the hybrid-pi model for the BJT has been employed. The input signal is represented by a Thévenin voltage source v s with a series resistance R s and the load is a resistor R L. This circuit can be used to derive the ...
In electronics, a common-gate amplifier is one of three basic single-stage field-effect transistor (FET) amplifier topologies, typically used as a current buffer or voltage amplifier. In this circuit, the source terminal of the transistor serves as the input, the drain is the output, and the gate is connected to some DC biasing voltage (i.e. an ...
A typical one-line diagram with annotated power flows. Red boxes represent circuit breakers, grey lines represent three-phase bus and interconnecting conductors, the orange circle represents an electric generator, the green spiral is an inductor, and the three overlapping blue circles represent a double-wound transformer with a tertiary winding.