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They sought a method to counter this—a way in which average persons could become directly involved in the political process. One of the methods they came up with was the initiative and referendum. Through 2006, 2,231 statewide initiatives were held in the United States, of which 887 were successful.
A referendum, plebiscite, or ballot measure is a direct vote by the electorate (rather than their representatives) on a proposal, law, or political issue. [1] A referendum may be either binding (resulting in the adoption of a new policy) or advisory (functioning like a large-scale opinion poll).
The facultative referendum is the most common type of referendum, and it is mostly carried out by political parties or by interest groups. Mandatory referendum : There must be a referendum on any amendments to the constitution and on any joining of a multinational community or organization for collective security.
It is affiliated with the USC-Caltech Center for the Study of Law and Politics. Founded in 1998 by M. Dane Waters, the I&R Institute is dedicated to educating citizens about how the initiative and referendum process has been utilized and in providing information to citizens so they understand and know how to utilize the process.
A popular referendum, depending on jurisdiction also known as a citizens' veto, people's veto, veto referendum, citizen referendum, abrogative referendum, rejective referendum, suspensive referendum, and statute referendum, [1] [2] [3] is a type of a referendum that provides a means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of registered voters can force a public vote on an ...
A recall election (also called a recall referendum, recall petition or representative recall) is a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a referendum before that official's term of office has ended.
Due to beliefs that politics or laws prevent deeper electoral reform, [clarification needed] such as multiple-member districts or proportional representation, "affirmative gerrymandering" has been used to create districts in which a previously-disenfranchised minority group, such as blacks, is in the majority and thus elects a representative of ...
In Austria, a mandatory referendum at the federal level is provided for in the event of an overall amendment to the federal constitution (Art. 44 para. 3 B-VG). An overall amendment to the constitution occurs when one or more of the construction principles of the constitution (democratic, federal, rule of law, separation of powers or liberal construction principle) are seriously changed. [2]