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Alendronic acid, sold under the brand name Fosamax among others, is a bisphosphonate medication used to treat osteoporosis and Paget's disease of bone. [4] It is taken by mouth. [ 4 ] Use is often recommended together with vitamin D , calcium supplementation , and lifestyle changes.
More severe side effects include worsening asthma, blocking the ability to recognize low blood sugar, and worsening heart failure. [9] There are concerns that use during pregnancy may be harmful to the baby. [10] Bisoprolol was patented in 1976 and approved for medical use in 1986. [11] It was approved for medical use in the United States in ...
Other factors such as toxicants can adversely impact bone cells. Infections, chronic or acute, can affect blood flow by inducing platelet activation and aggregation, contributing to a localized state of excess coagulability (hypercoagulability) that may contribute to clot formation (), a known cause of bone infarct and ischaemia.
The long side-chain (R 2 in the diagram) determines the chemical properties, the mode of action and the strength of bisphosphonate drugs. The short side-chain (R 1), often called the 'hook', mainly influences chemical properties and pharmacokinetics. See nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous sections in Mechanism of action below.
Side chain that is made out of three carbons has proven to be the most ideal length in terms of activity, increasing or decreasing the length of the chain from there has negative effect on biological activity. Alendronate, a common bisphosphonate drug, has a three carbon length side chain for example. [17]
Hydrochlorothiazide, sold under the brand name Hydrodiuril among others, is a diuretic medication used to treat hypertension and swelling due to fluid build-up. [4] Other uses include treating diabetes insipidus and renal tubular acidosis and to decrease the risk of kidney stones in those with a high calcium level in the urine. [4]
Effects of anticholinergic drugs include: Delirium (often with hallucinations and delusions indistinguishable from reality); Ocular symptoms (from eye drops): mydriasis, pupil dilation, and acute angle-closure glaucoma in those with shallow anterior chamber [11] [12] [13]
Alendronic acid/colecalciferol, sold under the brand name Fosamax Plus D among others, is a medication for the treatment of osteoporosis in men or in postmenopausal women. [ 3 ] [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 6 ] Alendronic acid/colecalciferol was approved for use in the United States and in the European Union in 2005.