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The basic quantities describing a sphere (meaning a 2-sphere, a 2-dimensional surface inside 3-dimensional space) will be denoted by the following variables r {\displaystyle r} is the radius, C = 2 π r {\displaystyle C=2\pi r} is the circumference (the length of any one of its great circles ),
Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume: [1] =, where ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. In some cases (for instance, in the United States oil and gas industry), density is loosely defined as its weight per unit volume , [ 2 ] although this is scientifically inaccurate – this quantity is more ...
An element of the density bundle at x is a function that assigns a volume for the parallelotope spanned by the n given tangent vectors at x. From the operational point of view, a density is a collection of functions on coordinate charts which become multiplied by the absolute value of the Jacobian determinant in the change of coordinates.
The ratio of two extensive properties of the same object or system is an intensive property. For example, the ratio of an object's mass and volume, which are two extensive properties, is density, which is an intensive property. [9] More generally properties can be combined to give new properties, which may be called derived or composite properties.
A special type of area density is called column density (also columnar mass density or simply column density), denoted ρ A or σ. It is the mass of substance per unit area integrated along a path; [ 1 ] It is obtained integrating volumetric density ρ {\displaystyle \rho } over a column: [ 2 ] σ = ∫ ρ d s . {\displaystyle \sigma =\int \rho ...
The generation of a bicylinder Calculating the volume of a bicylinder. A bicylinder generated by two cylinders with radius r has the volume =, and the surface area [1] [6] =.. The upper half of a bicylinder is the square case of a domical vault, a dome-shaped solid based on any convex polygon whose cross-sections are similar copies of the polygon, and analogous formulas calculating the volume ...
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The hexagonal packing of circles on a 2-dimensional Euclidean plane. These problems are mathematically distinct from the ideas in the circle packing theorem.The related circle packing problem deals with packing circles, possibly of different sizes, on a surface, for instance the plane or a sphere.