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The fight-or-flight or the fight-flight-freeze-or-fawn [1] (also called hyperarousal or the acute stress response) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival. [2] It was first described by Walter Bradford Cannon in 1915.
Reaction to stress—as in the flight-or-fight response—is thought to be elicited by the sympathetic nervous system and to counteract the parasympathetic system, which works to promote maintenance of the body at rest. The comprehensive functions of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are not so straightforward, but this ...
The general function of norepinephrine is to mobilize the brain and body for action. Norepinephrine release is lowest during sleep, rises during wakefulness, and reaches much higher levels during situations of stress or danger, in the so-called fight-or-flight response. In the brain, norepinephrine increases arousal and alertness, promotes ...
The stress induced during exercise results in an increase in the hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are known for the body's "fight or flight" response. Increased secretion of catecholamines are a hormone response regulated by the sympathoadrenal system (SAS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA). [10]
The fight-or-flight response, also known as the acute stress response, is set into action by the autonomic nervous system. [3] The autonomic nervous system is regulated by integrated reflexes through the brainstem to the spinal cord and organs.
The fight or flight response to emergency or stress involves mydriasis, increased heart rate and force contraction, vasoconstriction, bronchodilation, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, sweating, decreased motility of the digestive system, secretion of the epinephrine and cortisol from the adrenal medulla, and relaxation of the bladder ...
The clusters of the amygdala are activated when an individual expresses feelings of fear or aggression. This occurs because the amygdala is the primary structure of the brain responsible for fight or flight response. Anxiety and panic attacks can occur when the amygdala senses environmental stressors that stimulate fight or flight response.
It plays an essential role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, heart output by acting on the SA node, [15] pupil dilation response, and blood sugar level. [16] [17] It does this by binding to alpha and beta receptors. [17] It is found in many animals, including humans, and some single-celled organisms.