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A sympatholytic (sympathoplegic) drug is a medication that opposes the downstream effects of postganglionic nerve firing in effector organs innervated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). [1] They are indicated for various functions; for example, they may be used as antihypertensives .
In CT guided lumbar sympathicolysis, the site of neurolytic solution injection is chosen at the level of L2-L3 vertebra level. The needle should avoid the vertebral transverse process, ureter, pelvicalyceal system, and other major blood vessels.
Atenolol is a type of sympatholytic drug. Atenolol is a selective β1 antagonist that is clinically used to treat hypertension , angina and cardiac dysrhythmias . [ 14 ] Since atenolol is selective to β1 receptor, it only acts on β1 receptors which are located in the heart. [ 15 ]
The mechanisms of sympathomimetic drugs can be direct-acting (direct interaction between drug and receptor), such as α-adrenergic agonists, β-adrenergic agonists, and dopaminergic agonists; or indirect-acting (interaction not between drug and receptor), such as MAOIs, COMT inhibitors, release stimulants, and reuptake inhibitors that increase the levels of endogenous catecholamines.
Alpha 2 receptors are associated with sympatholytic properties. Alpha-adrenergic agonists have the opposite function of alpha blockers. Alpha adrenoreceptor ligands mimic the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine signaling in the heart, smooth muscle and central nervous system, with norepinephrine being the highest affinity.
Adrenergic blocking agents are a class of drugs that exhibit its pharmacological action through inhibiting the action of the sympathetic nervous system [1] in the body. The sympathetic nervous system(SNS) is an autonomic nervous system that we cannot control by will.
There are two kinds of neurons involved in the transmission of any signal through the sympathetic system: pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic. The shorter preganglionic neurons originate in the thoracolumbar division of the spinal cord specifically at T1 to L2~L3, and travel to a ganglion, often one of the paravertebral ganglia, where they synapse with a postganglionic neuron.
A parasympatholytic agent is a substance or activity that reduces the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. [1] [2]The term parasympatholytic typically refers to the effect of a drug, although some poisons act to block the parasympathetic nervous system as well.