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Prolactin has a wide variety of effects. It stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk (): increased serum concentrations of prolactin during pregnancy cause enlargement of the mammary glands and prepare for milk production, which normally starts when levels of progesterone fall by the end of pregnancy and a suckling stimulus is present.
Prolactin cells are acidophilic by hematoxylin & eosin stains and, If these cells undergo neoplastic transformation, they will give rise to a prolactinoma, a prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma. [3] Prolactinoma is a tumor of the pituitary gland that is typically non-cancerous. This disorder is more common in females than males.
Elevated prolactin blood levels are typically assessed in women with unexplained breast milk secretion (galactorrhea) or irregular menses or infertility, and in men with impaired sexual function and milk secretion. If high prolactin levels are present, all known conditions and medications which raises prolactin secretion must be assessed and ...
Prolactin-releasing hormone: PRLH Peptide: hypothalamus: Release prolactin from anterior pituitary: 55 Relaxin: RLN Peptide: Corpus luteum, Uterus, placenta, and Mammary gland: Decidual cells: RLN receptor: Relaxation of muscle and ligament tissues in female humans as preparation for menstruation. Anticipatory release for ductus deferens in ...
High levels of prolactin during pregnancy and breastfeeding also increase insulin resistance, increase growth factor levels (IGF-1) and modify lipid metabolism in preparation for breastfeeding. During lactation, prolactin is the main factor maintaining tight junctions of the ductal epithelium and regulating milk production through osmotic balance.
Changes in levels of certain hormones, such as prolactin or luteinizing hormone (LH) Mental health issues, such as depression, stress or anxiety Inflammation affecting the prostate gland or urethra
Prolactin increases with infant suckling, but not other forms of infant contact. [31] Oxytocin on the other hand increases with both suckling, and physical contact in human females. [30] Oxytocin levels in human females are associated with the degree of physical affection and bonding.
Dopamine released by many groups of neurons in the brain inhibits the secretion of prolactin by activating D2 Dopamine receptors on lactotrophs in the pituitary gland. [31] Prolactin directly stimulates hypothalamic dopamine neurons, which in turn inhibit the secretion of prolactin, creating a succinct negative feedback mechanism for regulation ...