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Bioenergetic systems are metabolic processes that relate to the flow of energy in living organisms. Those processes convert energy into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the form suitable for muscular activity. There are two main forms of synthesis of ATP: aerobic, which uses oxygen from the bloodstream, and anaerobic, which does not.
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen (O 2) in order to create ATP.Although carbohydrates, fats and proteins are consumed as reactants, aerobic respiration is the preferred method of pyruvate production in glycolysis, and requires pyruvate to the mitochondria in order to be oxidized by the citric acid cycle.
The change in free energy, ΔG, for each step in the glycolysis pathway can be calculated using ΔG = ΔG°′ + RTln Q, where Q is the reaction quotient. This requires knowing the concentrations of the metabolites. All of these values are available for erythrocytes, with the exception of the concentrations of NAD + and NADH.
Glucose regulation and product use are the primary categories in which these pathways differ between organisms. [2] In some tissues and organisms, glycolysis is the sole method of energy production. [2] This pathway is common to both anaerobic and aerobic respiration. [1] Glycolysis consists of ten steps, split into two phases. [2]
Cellular waste products are formed as a by-product of cellular respiration, a series of processes and reactions that generate energy for the cell, in the form of ATP. One example of cellular respiration creating cellular waste products are aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Each pathway generates different waste products.
The pathway of electrons is as follows: NADH is oxidized to NAD +, by reducing flavin mononucleotide to FMNH 2 in one two-electron step. FMNH 2 is then oxidized in two one-electron steps, through a semiquinone intermediate. Each electron thus transfers from the FMNH 2 to an Fe–S cluster, from the Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone (Q).
Glycolysis, which means “sugar splitting,” is the initial process in the cellular respiration pathway. Glycolysis can be either an aerobic or anaerobic process. When oxygen is present, glycolysis continues along the aerobic respiration pathway.
A catabolic pathway is a series of reactions that bring about a net release of energy in the form of a high energy phosphate bond formed with the energy carriers adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), respectively.