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These potatoes were then fermented in order to create tocosh, and ground to a pulp, soaked, and filtered into a starch referred to as almidón de papa. However, the cash crop of the Andean people was chuño, created by letting potatoes freeze overnight allowing them to thaw in the morning which they repeated to soften the potatoes. Then ...
Potatoes were domesticated there about 7,000–10,000 years ago from a species in the S. brevicaule complex. Many varieties of the potato are cultivated in the Andes region of South America, where the species is indigenous. The Spanish introduced potatoes to Europe in the second half of the 16th century from the Americas.
1719: Potatoes first introduced in North America: Scottish-Irish settlers bring them to New Hampshire. [71] 1727: The Compleat Housewife, an English cookery book written by Eliza Smith is published in London; 1740: The harsh winter of 1740 damages many crops but not potatoes, hastening their adoption in Europe. [20]
Sheep were domesticated in Mesopotamia between 11,000 BC and 9000 BC. [38] Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and India around 8500 BC. [39] Camels were domesticated relatively late, perhaps around 3000 BC. [40] Centres of origin identified by Nikolai Vavilov in the 1930s.
Food historian Lois Ellen Frank calls potatoes, tomatoes, corn, beans, squash, chili, cacao, and vanilla the "magic eight" ingredients that were found and used only in the Americas before 1492 and were taken via the Columbian Exchange back to the Old World, dramatically transforming the cuisine there. [17] [18] [19] According to Frank, [20]
In 1988, the Israeli botanist Daniel Zohary and the German botanist Maria Hopf formulated their founder crops hypothesis. They proposed that eight plant species were domesticated by early Neolithic farming communities in Southwest Asia (Fertile Crescent) and went on to form the basis of agricultural economies across much of Eurasia, including Southwest Asia, South Asia, Europe, and North ...
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Although domesticated rye (Secale cereale) occurs in the final Epi-Palaeolithic strata at Tell Abu Hureyra (the earliest instance of a domesticated plant species), it was insignificant in the Neolithic Period of southwest Asia and only became common with the spread of farming into northern Europe several millennia later.