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Kashmiri (English: / k æ ʃ ˈ m ɪər i / kash-MEER-ee) [10] or Koshur [11] (Kashmiri: کٲشُر (Perso-Arabic, Official Script), pronounced) [1] is a Dardic Indo-Aryan language spoken by around 7 million Kashmiris of the Kashmir region, [12] primarily in the Kashmir Valley and Chenab Valley of the Indian-administrated union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, over half the population of that ...
Indian linguistics, Kashmiri language, language teaching, communication, comparative literature Omkar Nath Koul (7 January 1934 – 7 December 2019) was a Kashmiri linguist . As a researcher, his interests included the areas of linguistics , language education , communications management , and comparative literature . [ 1 ]
Kashmiri Transliteration refers to the conversion of the Kashmiri language between different scripts that is used to write the language in the Kashmir region of the Indo subcontinent. [1] The official script to write Kashmiri is extended- Perso-Arabic script in both Jammu-Kashmir and Azad-Kashmir cutting across religious boundaries. [ 2 ]
Kashmiri uses drạ̄lid 2 'impoverished' (Sanskrit: daridra) and krama 'work' or 'action' (Sanskrit: karma). [43] Western Pahari languages (such as Dogri), Sindhi and Lahnda (Western Punjabi) also share this Dardic tendency to metathesis, though they are considered non-Dardic, for example cf. the Punjabi word drakhat 'tree' (from Persian darakht).
Literature of Kashmir has a long history, the oldest texts having been composed in the Sanskrit language. Early names include Patanjali, the author of the Mahābhāṣya commentary on Pāṇini's grammar, suggested by some to have been the same to write the Hindu treatise known as the Yogasutra, and Dridhbala, who revised the Charaka Samhita of Ayurveda.
Kashmiri proverbs are proverbs in the Kashmiri language, spoken Kashmir. The best available source for the study of these proverbs is a book by Sh. Omkar N. Koul, A Dictionary of Kashmiri Proverbs. It was first published in 1992, then a second edition was published in 2005, and is now available online. [1]
They have SOV in subordinate clauses, as given in Example 1 below. Example 2 shows the effect of verb second order: the first element in the clause that comes before the V need not be the subject. In Kashmiri, the word order in embedded clauses is conditioned by the category of the subordinating conjunction, as in Example 3.
The Dardic languages are thought to be transitional with Punjabi and Pahari (e.g. Zoller describes Kashmiri as "an interlink between Dardic and West Pahāṛī"), [22]: 83 as well as non-Indo-Aryan Nuristani; and are renowned for their relatively conservative features in the context of Proto-Indo-Aryan. Kashmiri: Kashmiri, Kishtwari, Poguli;