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where the relationship of the Income and Expenses accounts to Equity and profit is a bit clearer. [23] Here Income and Expenses are regarded as temporary or nominal accounts which pertain only to the current accounting period whereas Asset, Liability, and Equity accounts are permanent or real accounts pertaining to the lifetime of the business ...
In terms of the accounting equation, expenses reduce owners' equity. The International Accounting Standards Board defines expenses as: ...decreases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of outflows or depletions of assets or incurrences of liabilities that result in decreases in equity, other than those relating to ...
In U.S. business and financial accounting, income is generally defined by Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board as: Revenues – Expenses; however, many people use it as shorthand for net income, which is the amount of money that a company earns after covering all of its costs as well as taxes.
Often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is informally called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a company's income statement (a related term is top line , meaning revenue , which forms the first line of the account statement).
In accounting, there is a different technical concept of cost, which excludes implicit opportunity costs. In common usage, as in accounting usage, cost typically does not refer to implicit costs and instead only refers to direct monetary costs. The economics term profit relies on the economic meaning of the term for cost.
Under the U.S. tax code, businesses expenditures can be deducted from the total taxable income when filing income taxes if a taxpayer can show the funds were used for business-related activities, [1] not personal [2] or capital expenses (i.e., long-term, tangible assets, such as property). [3]
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An extremely important definition of income is Haig–Simons income, which defines income as Consumption + Change in net worth and is widely used in economics. [ 2 ] For households and individuals in the United States , income is defined by tax law as a sum that includes any wage , salary , profit , interest payment, rent , or other form of ...