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The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a complete list of all possible speech sounds in the world's languages, only those about which stand-alone articles exist in this encyclopedia.
Vowels with the tongue moved towards the front of the mouth (such as [ɛ], the vowel in "met") are to the left in the chart, while those in which it is moved to the back (such as [ʌ], the vowel in "but") are placed to the right in the chart. In places where vowels are paired, the right represents a rounded vowel (in which the lips are rounded ...
The following tables present pulmonic and non-pulmonic consonants. In the IPA, a pulmonic consonant is a consonant made by obstructing the glottis (the space between the vocal cords) or oral cavity (the mouth) and either simultaneously or subsequently letting out air from the lungs. Pulmonic consonants make up the majority of consonants in the ...
음성의 연구와 음성의 표기법 [Phonetic Notation in Phonetic Research: IPA and International Korean Phonetic Alphabet] (PDF). INTERSPEECH-2002. Lee, Hyun-bok (2004). In search of a universal phonetic alphabet – theory and application of an organic visible speech (PDF). INTERSPEECH-2004. Shin, J. (2015). Vowels and Consonants.
open-mid central unrounded vowel: English bird: a: a~ä: open front unrounded vowel/ open central unrounded vowel: Spanish barra, French bateau, German Haar, Italian pazzo} ʉ: close central rounded vowel: Scottish English pool, Swedish sju: 8: ɵ: close-mid central rounded vowel: Swedish kust & ɶ: open front rounded vowel: Swedish öra: M: ɯ ...
Long vowels are considered to be sequences of vowels and so are not counted as phonemes. [21] Hindi: Indo-European: 44 + (5) 33 + (5) 11 [22] Hungarian: Uralic language: 39: 25 14 The vowel phonemes can be grouped as pairs of short and long vowels such as o and ó. Most of the pairs have an almost similar pronunciation and vary significantly ...
Alternations of hard and soft consonants represent the most abundant type. They occur regularly in word-stem final consonants before certain suffixes (in derivations) and endings (in inflections). Hard consonants are softened if followed by soft /ɛ/ (written e/ě ), /ɪ/, or /iː/ (written i and í , not y and ý ).
Initial consonants [i]; IPA J Y Examples [ii]; f: f [jɐt̚˥ ŋam˨˩ jɐt̚˥ fɐt̚˥] 一岩一窟 h: h [lej˨˩ hɔŋ˨˩ lej˨˩ lat̚˨] 離行離迾 j: j y [iii] [fɐt̚˨ tɔw˥ jɐw˨˧ fɔ˨˥] 佛都有火