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  2. Cut and fill - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_and_fill

    In addition to minimising construction cost, other factors influence the placement of cut or filled sections. For example, air pollutants can concentrate in the valleys created by the cut section. Conversely, noise pollution is mitigated by cut sections since an effective blockage of line-of-sight sound propagation is created by the depressed ...

  3. Subbase (pavement) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subbase_(pavement)

    In the UK, the specification for aggregate used as a subbase in the construction of driveways and roads includes MOT Type 1 Stone. The thickness of subbase can range from 75 to 100 mm (3 to 4 in) for garden paths through 100 to 150 mm (4 to 6 in) for driveways and public footpaths, to 150 to 225 mm (6 to 9 in) for heavy used roads, and more for ...

  4. Concrete leveling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_leveling

    In civil engineering, concrete leveling is a procedure that attempts to correct an uneven concrete surface by altering the foundation that the surface sits upon. It is a cheaper alternative to having replacement concrete poured and is commonly performed at small businesses and private homes as well as at factories, warehouses, airports and on roads, highways and other infrastructure.

  5. Permeable paving - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeable_paving

    Permeable pavements may give urban trees the rooting space they need to grow to full size. A "structural-soil" pavement base combines structural aggregate with soil; a porous surface admits vital air and water to the rooting zone. This integrates healthy ecology and thriving cities, with the living tree canopy above, the city's traffic on the ...

  6. Soil gradation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_Gradation

    A gap-graded soil is a soil that has an excess or deficiency of certain particle sizes or a soil that has at least one particle size missing. [1] [3] An example of a gap-graded soil is one in which sand of the no. 10 and no. 40 sizes are missing, and all the other sizes are present. [3]

  7. California bearing ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_bearing_ratio

    The CBR test is a penetration test in which a standard piston, with a diameter of 50 mm (1.969 in), is used to penetrate the soil at a standard rate of 1.25 mm/minute. Although the force increases with the depth of penetration, in most cases, it does not increase as quickly as it does for the standard crushed rock, so the ratio decreases.

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  9. Road surface - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_surface

    In addition to repair costs, the condition of a road surface has economic effects for road users. Rolling resistance increases on rough pavement, as does wear and tear of vehicle components. It has been estimated that poor road surfaces cost the average US driver $324 per year in vehicle repairs, or a total of $67 billion.