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The Goodness Paradox: The Strange Relationship Between Virtue and Violence in Human Evolution is a book by British primatologist Richard Wrangham. [1] [2] [3]Wrangham argues that humans have domesticated themselves by a process of self-selection similar to the selective breeding of foxes described by Dmitry Belyayev, a theory first proposed by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in the early 1800s. [4]
The frustration–aggression hypothesis, also known as the frustration–aggression–displacement theory, is a theory of aggression proposed by John Dollard, Neal Miller, Leonard Doob, Orval Mowrer, and Robert Sears in 1939, [1] and further developed by Neal Miller in 1941 [2] and Leonard Berkowitz in 1989. [3]
Aggression may also occur for self-protection or to protect offspring. [29] Aggression between groups of animals may also confer advantage; for example, hostile behavior may force a population of animals into a new territory, where the need to adapt to a new environment may lead to an increase in genetic flexibility. [30]
Relational aggression, alternative aggression, or relational bullying is a type of aggression in which harm is caused by damaging someone's relationships or social status. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Although it can be used in many contexts and among different age groups , relational aggression among adolescents in particular, has received a lot of attention.
In particular, much evidence suggests that hostile attribution bias is especially linked to "reactive aggression" (i.e., impulsive and "hot-blooded" aggression that reflects an angry retaliation to perceived provocation) rather than "proactive aggression" (i.e., unprovoked, planned/instrumental, or "cold-blooded" aggression). [13]
“Reactive is when a situation is created, and then they react to it. So that’s kind of the difference. For me, the reactivity is way more common than aggression.”
Therefore, children who are victims of aggression may develop views of peers as hostile, leading them to be more likely to engage in retaliatory (or reactive) aggression. [28] Research has also indicated that children can develop hostile attribution bias by engaging in aggression in the context of a video game. [29]
Men also scored higher on a scale regarding reactive aggression. The EEG test also supported the idea that women show weaker responses regarding aggression. It was also shown that men and women follow different pathways in the brain when aggression is invoked, although further studies are needed in order to solidify these findings. [23]