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Individuals with a low heart rate prior to pacemaker implantation are more at risk of developing pacemaker syndrome. Normally the first chamber of the heart (atrium) contracts as the second chamber (ventricle) is relaxed, allowing the ventricle to fill before it contracts and pumps blood out of the heart.
Sinus node dysfunction (SND), also known as sick sinus syndrome (SSS), is a group of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) usually caused by a malfunction of the sinus node, the heart's primary pacemaker. [1] [2] Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome is a variant of sick sinus syndrome in which the arrhythmia alternates between fast and slow heart ...
A pacemaker may be implanted whilst a person is awake using local anesthetic to numb the skin with or without sedation, or asleep using a general anesthetic. [25] An antibiotic is usually given to reduce the risk of infection. [25] Pacemakers are generally implanted in the front of the chest in the region of the left or right shoulder.
Pacemaker failure is the inability of an implanted artificial pacemaker to perform its intended function of regulating the beating of the heart. A pacemaker uses electrical impulses delivered by electrodes in order to contract the heart muscles. [ 1 ]
In common with pacemakers, implantation of baroreflex activation therapy devices carries risks of bleeding, bruising and infection. [2] High stimulation voltages can cause an appreciable sensation which can be unpleasant. In typical use the device output voltage is adjusted to below the level that causes unpleasant sensations. [3]
Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and condition of disease, but may include medication (conservative treatment) or iatrogenic/implanted pacemakers for slow heart rates, defibrillators for those prone to fatal heart rhythms, ventricular assist devices (VADs) for severe heart failure, or catheter ablation for recurring dysrhythmias ...
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The G-protein also activates a potassium channel GIRK-1 and GIRK-4, which allows K + to flow out of the cell, making the membrane potential more negative and slowing the pacemaker potential, therefore decreasing the rate of action potential production and therefore decreasing heart rate. [20] A decrease in heart rate is known as negative ...