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A box can be designed by optimizing the grade of corrugated board, box design, flute direction, and inner supports. Support from the product also provides "load sharing" and can be an important factor. [7] Box closures sometimes can have effects on box stacking strength. [8]
Corrugated fiberboard can be evaluated by many material test methods including an Edge Crush Test (ECT). There have been efforts to estimate the peak compression strength of a box (usually empty, regular singelwall slotted containers, top-to-bottom) based on various board properties. Some have involved finite element analysis. [11]
Compression testing relates to stacking or crushing of packages, particularly shipping containers. It usually measures of the force required to crush a package, stack of packages, or a unit load. Packages can be empty or filled as for shipment. A force-deflection curve used to obtain the peak load or other desired points.
Edge crush test measures force per unit width and predicts Box compression strength. It is reported in KN/m or lb/inch. Burst strength is the pressure required to rupture corrugated sheet. It is reported in KPa or lb/inch2. Box Compression strength is the direct measurement of performance of corrugated boxes. It is reported in kgf or N.
Simplifications have used a formula involving the board ECT, the board thickness, and the box perimeter. Most estimations do not relate well to other box orientations, box styles, or to filled boxes. In order to calculate the value of BCT (Box compression test), the formula of McKee would be the easiest but also the least accurate [opinion].
Although corrugating the sheet metal used for the sides and roof contributes significantly to the container's rigidity and stacking strength, just like in corrugated iron or in cardboard boxes, the corrugated sides cause aerodynamic drag, and up to 10% fuel economy loss in road or rail transport, compared to smooth-sided vans. [45]
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