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The substitution is described in most integral calculus textbooks since the late 19th century, usually without any special name. [5] It is known in Russia as the universal trigonometric substitution , [ 6 ] and also known by variant names such as half-tangent substitution or half-angle substitution .
In calculus, integration by substitution, also known as u-substitution, reverse chain rule or change of variables, [1] is a method for evaluating integrals and antiderivatives. It is the counterpart to the chain rule for differentiation , and can loosely be thought of as using the chain rule "backwards."
Change of variables is an operation that is related to substitution. However these are different operations, as can be seen when considering differentiation or integration (integration by substitution). A very simple example of a useful variable change can be seen in the problem of finding the roots of the sixth-degree polynomial:
Euler substitution is a method for evaluating integrals of the form (, + +), where is a rational function of and + +. In such cases, the integrand can be changed to a rational function by using the substitutions of Euler.
Often, theory can establish the existence of a change of variables, although the formula itself cannot be explicitly stated. For an integrable Hamiltonian system of dimension , with ˙ = / and ˙ = /, there exist integrals .
Substitution (logic), a syntactic transformation on strings of symbols of a formal language; String substitution, a mapping of letters in an alphabet to languages; Substitution of a character in a string, one of the single-character edits used to define the Levenshtein distance; Substitution cipher, a method of encryption
In mathematics, a trigonometric substitution replaces a trigonometric function for another expression. In calculus, trigonometric substitutions are a technique for evaluating integrals. In this case, an expression involving a radical function is replaced with a trigonometric one. Trigonometric identities may help simplify the answer.
In mathematics, a quadratic equation is a polynomial equation of the second degree.The general form is + + =, where a ≠ 0.. The quadratic equation on a number can be solved using the well-known quadratic formula, which can be derived by completing the square.