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Coenzyme A (CoA, SHCoA, CoASH) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. All genomes sequenced to date encode enzymes that use coenzyme A as a substrate , and around 4% of cellular enzymes use it (or a thioester ) as a substrate.
Coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a β-mercaptoethylamine group linked to pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) through an amide linkage [3] and 3'-phosphorylated ADP. The acetyl group (indicated in blue in the structural diagram on the right) of acetyl-CoA is linked to the sulfhydryl substituent of the β-mercaptoethylamine group.
In biochemistry, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase or HMG-CoA synthase EC 2.3.3.10 is an enzyme which catalyzes the reaction in which acetyl-CoA condenses with acetoacetyl-CoA to form 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA). This reaction comprises the second step in the mevalonate-dependent isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway.
Pymol-generated image of E1 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in E. Coli. The E1 subunit, called the pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit, is either a homodimer (comprising two “α” chains, e.g. in Escherichia coli) or a heterotetramer of two different chains (two “α” and two “β” chains).
This is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-requiring reaction with fatty acyl-CoA synthase (CoASH), yielding adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and pyrophosphate (PPi): [2] R-COOH + CoASH + ATP R-CO-SCoA + AMP + PPi Different enzymes are specific for fatty acids of different chain length.
The role of the ACS enzyme is to combine acetate and Coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA, however its significance is much larger. The most well known function of the product from this enzymatic reaction is the use of acetyl-CoA in the role of the TCA cycle as well as in the production of fatty acid.
The following reaction involves the joining of acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA, a process catalyzed by HMG-CoA synthase. [ 8 ] In the final step of mevalonate biosynthesis, HMG-CoA reductase , an NADPH -dependent oxidoreductase , catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA into mevalonate , which is the primary regulatory point in this ...
Biochemistry, or biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. [1] A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology, and metabolism. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become successful at ...