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Pivalic acid is prepared on a commercial scale by hydrocarboxylation of isobutene via the Koch reaction: (CH 3) 2 C=CH 2 + CO + H 2 O → (CH 3) 3 CCO 2 H. Such reactions require an acid catalyst such as hydrogen fluoride. tert-Butyl alcohol and isobutyl alcohol can also be used in place of isobutene. Globally, several million kilograms are ...
Industrially pinacolone is made by the hydrolysis of 4,4,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxane, which is the product of isoprene and formaldehyde via the Prins reaction. It also is generated by ketonization of pivalic acid and acetic acid or acetone over metal oxide catalysts. 3-Methylbutanal is a starting material for 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, which in turn is ...
The smaller the difference, the more the overlap. The case of citric acid is shown at the right; solutions of citric acid are buffered over the whole range of pH 2.5 to 7.5. According to Pauling's first rule, successive pK values of a given acid increase (pK a2 > pK a1). [28]
Standard acid catalysts are sulfuric acid or a mixture of BF 3 and HF. Although the use of acidic ionic liquids for the Koch reaction requires relatively high temperatures and pressures (8 MPa and 430 K in one 2006 study [ 9 ] ), acidic ionic solutions themselves can be reused with only a very slight decrease in yield, and the reactions can be ...
Methyl pivalate is an organic compound with the formula CH 3 O 2 CC(CH 3) 3. It is a colorless liquid, the methyl ester of pivalic acid. The ester is well known for being resistant to hydrolysis to the parent acid. Hydrolysis can be effected with a solution of trimethylsilyl iodide in hot acetonitrile followed by aqueous workup. [1] [2]
Dichloroacetic acid (DCA), sometimes called bichloroacetic acid (BCA), is the organic compound with formula CHCl 2 CO 2 H. It is an analogue of acetic acid, in which 2 of the 3 hydrogen atoms of the methyl group have been replaced by chlorine atoms. Like the other chloroacetic acids, it has various practical applications.
It was first made by Aleksandr Butlerov in 1874 by reacting pivalic acid with phosphorus pentachloride. [ 2 ] Pivaloyl chloride is used as an input in the manufacture of some drugs, insecticides and herbicides.
CH 4 + Cl 2 → CH 3 Cl + HCl CH 3 Cl + Cl 2 → CH 2 Cl 2 + HCl CH 2 Cl 2 + Cl 2 → CHCl 3 + HCl CHCl 3 + Cl 2 → CCl 4 + HCl. The output of these processes is a mixture of chloromethane, dichloromethane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride as well as hydrogen chloride as a byproduct. These compounds are separated by distillation.