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Others (such as many Unix media players) may read files from standard input. Popular Windows programs that open a separate console window in addition to their GUI windows are the emulators pSX and DOSBox. GTK-server can use stdin as a communication interface with an interpreted program to realize a GUI.
^b gets(x) and fgets(x, length, stdin) read unformatted text from stdin. Use of gets is not recommended. Use of gets is not recommended. ^c puts (x) and fputs (x, stdout) write unformatted text to stdout.
Length-prefixed "short" Strings (up to 64 bytes), marker-terminated "long" Strings and (optional) back-references Arbitrary-length heterogenous arrays with end-marker Arbitrary-length key/value pairs with end-marker Structured Data eXchange Formats (SDXF) Big-endian signed 24-bit or 32-bit integer Big-endian IEEE double
Python uses the + operator for string concatenation. Python uses the * operator for duplicating a string a specified number of times. The @ infix operator is intended to be used by libraries such as NumPy for matrix multiplication. [104] [105] The syntax :=, called the "walrus operator", was introduced in Python 3.8. It assigns values to ...
The length of a string can also be stored explicitly, for example by prefixing the string with the length as a byte value. This convention is used in many Pascal dialects; as a consequence, some people call such a string a Pascal string or P-string. Storing the string length as byte limits the maximum string length to 255.
A file signature is data used to identify or verify the content of a file. Such signatures are also known as magic numbers or magic bytes.. Many file formats are not intended to be read as text.
Even binary data files can be compressed with this method; file format specifications often dictate repeated bytes in files as padding space. However, newer compression methods such as DEFLATE often use LZ77 -based algorithms, a generalization of run-length encoding that can take advantage of runs of strings of characters (such as BWWBWWBWWBWW ).
Python 3.3 switched internal storage to use one of ISO-8859-1, UCS-2, or UTF-32 depending on the largest code point in the string. [31] Python 3.12 drops some functionality (for CPython extensions) to make it easier to migrate to UTF-8 for all strings. [32] Java originally used UCS-2, and added UTF-16 supplementary character support in J2SE 5.0.